Education is mandatory for children between the ages of 7 and years. Morocco has witnessed the emergence of new literacy practices in private and public space. Prior research in this area has typically focused on the effect on education of multilingualism and cultural identity in general, involving mathematics education only in passing. In addition to the communitys everyday or vernacular language variety labeled l or low variety, a second, highly codified lect labeled h or high is used in certain situations such as literature, formal education, or other specific. Hence, the tourism industry in this country is continuously growing, with millions of tourists. Diglossia typically persists at least several centuries, and evidence in some cases seems to show that it can last well over a thousand years. The moroccan linguistic situation morocco world news. Consulateconsular section of the embassy in morocco are ready to help. Located a few miles from the coast of spain, morocco is known not only for its early islamic architecture but also for its great tasting dishes and beautiful beaches. They are being used as official languages, they are used as medium of instruction in all the formal education system,so they are no longer.
Diglossia or triglossia in morocco reality and facts by ab. Consular directorate of the foreign and commonwealth office and our. In morocco by brahim chakrani dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in linguistics in the graduate college of the university of illinois at urbanachampaign, 2010 urbana, illinois doctoral committee. Data from morocco s ministry of justice and liberties for the period 20042014, published by unicef and shown in figure 1, show that the proportion of all marriages conducted in family courts that involve a minor has increased, from 7. Diglossia, variation, codeswitching, attitudes and identity abdulkafi albirini modern arabic sociolinguistics outlines and evaluates the major approaches and methods used in arabic sociolinguistic research with respect to diglossia, codeswitching, language variation and attitudes and social identity. This essay will offer an introduction to the longdebated issue of diglossia in the arabicspeaking world, together with an overview of some of the effects it brings about within the arab society against the background of the governing islamic creed. It is a friendly country, provided with a good network of roads.
Arabic, lingua franca, diglossia, vernacular, formal, corpus linguistics, education, technology 1. The background and funding of the various researchers were considered as well. Sayahis fascinating history of the collision of languages in the maghreb reclaims the original definition of diglossia and will transform the way linguists conceptualize its role as a mechanism of language change. The other is standard german which she learnt at school, and though she understands. Definition and examples of diglossia sociolinguistics. Recent changes in moroccan language policy dawn marley university of surrey, uk morocco is a multilingual country which for some forty years pursued a language policy arabization with the apparent aim of creating a monolingual nation marley, 2000, 2002. In urban areas the majority of children in this age group attend school, though on a national scale the. Language use and maintenance among the moroccan minority in britain abdeslam jamai european studies research institute esri t h e s c h o o l o f l a n g u a g e s university of salford, salford. Contextualizing multilingualism in morocco mayra c. Selfemployed entrepreneurs whose production is the result of a mostly manual.
Morocco allocates approximately onefifth of its budget to education. Moroccan arabic, the colloquial, traditionally unwritten variety of arabic, is now represented in written form in a number of new spaces such as nonformal education, sms text messaging, street billboard advertisements, the scripts for dubbed foreign tv series, and a. The origins of andalusimoroccan arabic and the role of. An overview of the arabic situation morad alsahafi king abdulaziz university abstract.
Bilingual diglossia is a type of diglossia in which one language variety is used for writing and another for speech. The policy of arabization, which many blame for the current education crisis in morocco, has failed to replace french as the linguistic medium of science and technology in tertiary education and as a result has produced high school students who are unable to function in any foreign language upon graduation. Modern arabic sociolinguistics modern arabic sociolinguistics overviews and evaluates the major approaches and methods used in arabic sociolinguistic research with respect to diglossia, codeswitching, language variation, language attitudes and social identity. The subtle ofpower balance between majorities and minorities will be dramatically effected by such policies. One is the local swiss german dialect of her canton which she uses in her everyday interactions with other swiss germans. Languageidentitiesinmorocco 97 viaqairawane intunisia,cairoegypt,anddamascussyriaandstillfeelthat. Arabic largely exists in a diglossic situation, which is manifested through the coexistence of standard arabic and colloquial arabic ferguson, 1959. A brief guide to morocco fossils and minerals morocco. Diglossia is the coexistence of language codes that are either 1 two varieties of one language or 2 two distinct languages.
At a conference held in algeciras, spain, in 1906, 12 european nations and the united states reaffirmed their respect for moroccan independence. The two official languages are modern standard arabic and berber. Diglossia 1 in many speech communities two or more varieties of the same language2 are used by some speakers under different conditions. Introduction the algerian linguistic situation is very intricate. After a definition of the issue, backed by the most relevant, related academic literature, a brief overview will be offered of the social. Through a historical perspective, this study highlighted significant events and milestones about multilingualism, cultural identity, and mathematics education in morocco pre, during, and postfrench protectorate. Tourists can visit the museum of fossils and minerals or a number of fossil factories in the area to experience first hand the process of finding and extracting fossils. Morocco is seen as one of the uss strategic allies in the region and has been.
Consequently, linguists and scholars have made various efforts and studies on this phenomenon. Uk submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of doctor of philosophy, may 2008. Moroccan arabic known as darija is the spoken native vernacular. This paper presented the results of a study conducted at a language school in casablanca, morocco, testing and describing the method used in this institute to teach darijamoroccan arabiccomparing it with the literature concerning other teaching strategies.
In this video i discuss diglossia, and give some examples of this linguistic phenomenon. English will give morocco a strategically prestigious position on the global scene. One of the most distinctive features of the arabic language is the existence of diglossia. Many factors have been responsible for such complexity. The purpose was not to present indepth examinations of each channel but to find out whether diglossia existed in these channels and the circumstances under which it was used. At the end of march 2019, the banks active portfolio in morocco. Perhaps the most familiar example is the standard language and regional dialect as used, say, in italian or persian, where many speakers speak their local dialect at home. Often, one form is the literary or prestige dialect, and the other is a common dialect spoken by most of the population. Diglossia and illiteracy in the arab world, language, culture and curriculum, 9. These studies also represent a plethora of conclusions as to the cause of illiteracy in the arab region. Diglossia and illiteracy in the arab world salah ayari a a department of curriculum and instruction, college of education, pelk hall. Ferguson 1959a defines diglossia, literally two tongues, as a condition where, in addition to the main spoken dialects of a language, there is a language of high prestige often used in formal situations.
Diglossia in eggenwil, a town in the aargau canton of switzerland, silvia, a bank teller, knows two very distinct varieties of german. Diglossia and the variation of the colloquial arabic. When people are bidialectal, they can use two dialects of the same language, based on their surroundings or different contexts where they use. Diglossia, the coexistence of two varieties of the same language throughout a speech community. When ferguson introduced his paper on diglossia in 1959, he concluded with an appeal for further study of diglossic phenomenon and related ones ferguson, 1959. Professor rakesh mohan bhatt, chair professor elabbas benmamoun.
Politically, we see that the balance of global powers is orbiting around english speaking countries. It was prepared by rti international and varlyproject. The study examined diglossia in just three not all arabic tv stations. The study even examined samples rather than the whole of the programs under study. Diglossia and language contact language variation and change in north africa. Including diglossia in teaching arabic as second language. Reality and facts abdellah chekayri al akhawayn university in ifrane arabic is the lingua franca of arabs. Modern arabic is characterized by a distinctive situation called diglossia. In sociolinguistics, diglossia is a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are spoken within the same speech community.
Diglossia is a linguistic term that is also used in sociology. Library of congress federal research division country profile. The first research in literacy acquisition by arab children was conducted in morocco in the early 1980s by wagner and his colleagues. However, manual or computerised procurement and contract monitoring.
The languages of prestige in morocco are arabic in its classical and modern standard forms and french, the latter of which serves as a second language for many moroccans. When people are bidialectal, they can use two dialects of the same language, based on their surroundings or different contexts. The presence of different local and foreign languages leaves room for diversity and. Component 2 october 20, 2014 eddata ii, task 15 depame contract number aidoaabc101 this document was produced for consideration by the united states agency for international development.
Classical andor standard arabic casa is the prestigious register which conveys the words of. Location of morroco click on image for larger version 27. Morocco, diglossia and the writer published on 01 jan 2014 by brill rodopi. Its intricacy lies in the coexistence of more than one language.
This article aims to make a contribution to the debate concerning the origins of the moroccan arabic genitive preposition dyal and its implications for the emergence of moroccan arabic recently reignited in heath 2015. Morocco is one of the most fascinating lands in the world for studying geology. Introduction throughout the arab world, extending from morocco to iraq and encompassing the gulf countries and the levant, for centuries one formal language has been taught systematically in all schools and universities and used. In most parts of africa foreign languages have a peculiar status and play different roles such as. Diglossia in the arab world educational implications. Morocco is strategically located at the strait of gibraltar, which is a significant sealane of control.
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